A Case Study on Optimal Tilt Angle and Spacing for Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System at Bhubaneswar

Abstract

The effectiveness of photovoltaic (PV) surfaces in capturing solar energy is influenced by the angle at which sunlight strikes them. This angle varies based on the time of day, date, and geographical location of the PV array installation. To maximize irradiance collection, PV modules should ideally be positioned perpendicular to incoming solar rays. Suboptimal placement can result in diminished system performance, highlighting the importance of installing PV modules at an ideal tilt. Additionally, shadow effects can significantly impact PV array efficiency. This research examines key aspects of PV system installation, with a focus on array positioning in terms of tilt angle and row spacing to reduce horizontal shading. When installing PV arrays, determining the optimal tilt angle is essential for maximizing irradiance reception. Row spacing is calculated to eliminate inter-array shadows. The study presents calculations for optimal tilt angle and spacing, validated through a prototype 11.2 kWp solar photovoltaic system installed at SOA, Bhubaneswar, India. The research determines monthly and yearly optimal tilts, solar flux gains, and energy yields for this specific location. Findings show a maximum solar flux gain of 32.97% in December, with a Global Solar Radiation (GSR) of 4.72 kWh/m2/day at a 40° optimal tilt. The lowest solar flux gains are observed in July, August, and September. Tilt adjustments during summer months (May to August) increase shading, which contributes to cooling effects.